April 2, 2026
Author: nationallooncenter
Spring: A Time to Landscape for Loons
By Baylee Bessingpas
After a long and cold Minnesota winter, the season of growth and a return to life is finally in sight – spring has sprung! Before we know it, a close look at the worn browns of last season’s fallen leaves and dried up grasses may wield a sighting of the fresh green shoots of spring ephemeral wildflowers like skunk cabbage, bloodroot, and hepaticas. The lakes and wetlands of the Northwoods are beginning to thaw, and we are already seeing birds like Trumpeter Swans and Great Blue Herons return to their summer territories in preparation for the breeding season. Minnesota’s beloved Common Loons aren’t far behind, and the males will soon arrive to begin their annual campaigns to claim the perfect territory!
The changes we observe in nature this time of year are reflected in our own human activities as we begin to spend more time outdoors enjoying the longer days, work on spring cleaning projects, and make plans for the summer ahead. Early spring is the perfect time to plan, prepare, and begin planting for garden projects! No matter the space or budget you are working with, there are ways for your outdoor space to serve your family’s needs while improving water quality and providing habitat for wildlife. At the National Loon Center, our Share Our Shoreline education initiative seeks to empower the public to responsibly enjoy our incredible lakes while sharing them with loons and preserving their health for generations to come. Landscaping for Loons is a key component of Share Our Shoreline that focuses on ways to landscape and maintain shorelines for minimizing pollution and maximizing quality habitat for fish spawning and loon nesting.
Common Loons are known to be an indicator species – a species whose presence, absence, or abundance reflects the condition of its environment. Indicator species can be used as a proxy for ecosystem health, and their population trends serve as an early warning system when something is going wrong with the ecosystem. Loons are visual predators that need clear water conditions to successfully catch fish – algae or sediment muddying the water make it very difficult for loons to catch enough food. Loons are top predators – they eat a lot of fish, which eat a lot of smaller fish, which eat a lot of macroinvertebrates… changes to any part of the food web will ultimately affect a loon’s food supply. Loons are long lived – every year they spend in a contaminated body of water, they will continue to accumulate those toxins at higher and higher levels. A healthy loon population depends on healthy lake ecosystems, which in turn depend on healthy watersheds. The actions we take inland from our waterways end up trickling back – both figuratively and literally – into our lakes and rivers. The good news? This means that we have an opportunity to make positive changes for loons even from afar!
Landscaping for Loons on Shoreline Property
On a shoreline property, your yard holds a very special place as the point of transition between land and water! The most obvious connection between loons and shorelines is that loons prefer to nest on vegetated natural shorelines. The ideal nesting site for a loon is a vegetated shoreline with grassy cover, on an island or in a bay or inlet sheltered from wind and waves, and near good fishing grounds. There are many nest predators loons seek shelter from, including mink, raccoons, gulls, and ravens – vegetated cover helps protect the nest from these hungry opportunists. If a shoreline is overrun by invasive plant species like purple loosestrife or phragmites, the shoreline can become too densely vegetated to support a nest. It is all about finding a balance of preferred conditions to give the eggs the best chance at hatching!
Natural shorelines with robust communities of emergent, submerged, and floating plants provide critical habitat for animals occupying lower levels of the food chain! The littoral zone of a lake is the shallow, nearshore zone where the majority of the vegetation found in a lake grows, and plays an important role in the life cycle of nearly every lake-dwelling animal species. Fish and amphibians spawn here, and aquatic macroinvertebrates (like the dragonfly nymph pictured here) rely on the littoral zone for food and shelter. Many of the fish that loons prey on during the summer live near the shore, and eat the other small fish and creatures found here. When shorelines are cleared of native vegetation both above and below the water line, there is a lack of food and habitat to support these small creatures that form the base of the food chain.
Finally, a vegetated shoreline serves as a filter that protects the water from pollutants and a stabilizer that helps keep the earth in place instead of eroding into the water. Our lakes are affected by many chemicals that are applied to yards, roads, farms, and more. Chloride is found in road de-icing salts and water softener residues, and is toxic to aquatic life when it enters waterways. It also disrupts the natural lake mixing process, leading to further ecological ramifications. Phosphates and nitrates are both naturally occurring nutrients necessary for the growth of plants and wildlife – however, when these compounds become too concentrated in the water, they lead to harmful algal blooms that result in a cascade of detrimental effects on the lake ecosystem. This accumulation of excess nutrients is called eutrophication. The main source of nutrient pollution in most waterways is fertilizer used in yards and on agricultural lands, but other sources include leakage from septic tanks, waste from pets and livestock, industrial waste, and lawn waste like grass clippings.
Native plants that naturally occur at the water’s edge are equipped with roots that run deep into the soil, compared to lawn grasses that form shallow root systems. These root systems trap nutrients and other pollutants before they can enter the water, keeping lakes clean and healthy. They also stabilize the shoreline, combating erosion to keep the sediment out of the water and helping you retain your property square footage! A buffer zone is an area between your lawn and your shoreline that is maintained without mowing, and planted with native species that help protect your lake. These native plants require less maintenance from property owners, protect water quality, and even provide habitat for native pollinator species – it’s a win for everyone!
Every property is unique, and there is not a one size fits all solution for every shoreline in every community. However, following these guidelines is a great place to start on your journey to making your shoreline work for you and the health of your lake! Allowing the existing native plants on your shoreline to grow and supplementing them with new native plantings is a powerful tool to create a barrier and filter for pollutants entering the lake, especially within a no-mow buffer zone right along the shore. While maintaining your property, being mindful of how and where you apply fertilizers, pesticides, and de-icing salts helps reduce the load of pollutants that could runoff into the lake. Keeping up with the maintenance of your septic system and pumping it on a regular schedule helps defend against unexpected leaks into groundwater or the lake. Considering balance when installing rocky rip-rap or sand beaches goes a long way – while many lake residents enjoy these features, they offer no filtration from runoff, and keeping parts of your shoreline vegetated will help preserve the lake to be enjoyed by the generations to come. In the Northwoods, the lakes are our way of life and it is a privilege to enjoy them – however, the fish we catch, the loons that call through the summer months, and the clear inviting waters that beckon us to take a swim can only retain their splendor if we care for and nurture them as they have nurtured us.
Landscaping for Loons Off the Shoreline
For lovers of lakes and wildlife that don’t live right on the shoreline, there are still steps we can take to keep our watersheds clean and vibrant! Many of the maintenance principles outlined for shoreline properties still apply – mindfulness around the application of chemicals, regular maintenance and pumping of septic systems, and maintaining native plant communities that provide soil stability and wildlife habitat will contribute to the health of the whole watershed! Rain gardens can be planted in shallow depressions where water naturally collects in a yard. They are planted with a mix of wet and dry tolerant species to thrive regardless of the precipitation that falls in a season. During periods of heavy rain, these gardens help control flooding and filter pollutants from stormwater runoff before it infiltrates into the groundwater supply. By capturing runoff near where it falls, rain gardens also help reduce the load of stormwater runoff that flows unfiltered into bodies of water or into storm drains, sheltering our waterways from pollution.
Pollinator gardens are planted with a mix of species that bloom at different times throughout the growing season, providing stable food and habitat for the small wildlife that are critical to ecosystem health.
In the next Share Our Shoreline blog, we will be featuring an interview with local shoreline restoration expert Laura Mendoza Romero of Great Roots LLC and diving deeper into the benefits of restored shorelines and what it takes to get started!
Learn More
Homegrown National Park
Homegrown National Park is a movement co-founded by entomologist and conservationist Dr. Doug Tallamy with the goal of increasing backyard biodiversity across the nation. This website has a wealth of information on the benefits of planting native and how to choose the best native plants for your yard.
Soil & Water Conservation Districts
Your local Soil & Water Conservation District is a great resource for ecological restorations and native plantings of all types – they may have grant funding available to help you achieve your goals!
Whitefish Area Property Owner’s Association (WAPOA)
Your local lake association will have informational and possibly financial resources available to you for supporting a healthy shoreline.
MN DNR Restore Your Shore
Information about native plants and how to select the best native plants for your site and where to get started on restorations
Minnesota Lakes and Rivers
Case studies and examples of shoreline restoration projects in Minnesota
Great Roots LLC
Shoreline Restoration services for the Brainerd Lakes Area
Prairie Restorations Inc
Ecological restoration services across Minnesota
How to Have a Loon & Lake Friendly Weekend
Memorial Day weekend and all the weekends that follow are busy times for lake country waters. We’d like to reshare the advice written by our 2022 Community Outreach Intern, Ava, on how we can all enjoy these beautiful waters while having a loon and lake friendly weekend.
When taking your first step into the water, you may notice nesting loons near the shoreline. Adult Common Loons usually nest at the water’s edge of protected bays or small islands and once the eggs hatch, the small chicks are quite vulnerable. Staying at least 200 feet (the length of a standard ice hockey rink) from loon families, will give them enough space to remain undisturbed. While on a nest, a loon that feels threatened may flatten their body and neck over the water in the hangover position. Loons will do the penguin dance if they feel threatened, and seeing this display is a sign to back away. If you hear the tremolo of a loon, that is another warning sign that either you or a predator is too close to the loon or their chicks. Keep this knowledge in mind, and appreciate all wildlife from a non-intrusive distance.
Cruising around the lake and reeling in fish is certainly part of the fun, but we can be careful in our actions. When out on the boat, keeping a slow speed and observing no wake zones near the shoreline protects the nests and homes of various wild animals, including loons. Wakes should be limited to open areas in the middle of large lakes. Additionally, all fast moving water crafts should always watch out for swimming and diving loons. In the summer of 2022, the National Loon Center recently received a call from a community member that found a deceased loon near shore. Ava brought the loon to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy studies. The diagnosis came back that the likely cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head. We are not able to say for sure what could cause that, but we might guess that it would have been from a boat or jet ski collision. The National Loon Center began research on loon mortalities in 2021. Several of the necropsied loons so far have been diagnosed with blunt force trauma. To avoid facing similar situations going forward, water craft drivers should be mindful and attentive at all times.
The necropsy studies have revealed other unfortunate outcomes for the loons. In the summer of 2021, a deceased loon was found and results indicated lead intoxication as the likely cause of death. Lost lead pieces at the bottom of a lake can be mistaken as a pebble by loons or loons may consume fish that carry lead jigs and sinkers. In each situation, the loon would most likely fatally suffer from lead poisoning. Thus, fishing lead-freeand keeping fishing lines out of the water when loons and other wildlife are nearby keeps all inhabitants of the lake safe.
Humans and wildlife alike depend on clean water to survive. Putting in effort to keep any pollutants and unnatural substances out of the water is important to keeps our lakes healthy. We recommend using rest facilities located on shore, not using soaps or shampoos in the lakes, and using trash containers on our boats and at our campsites. We encourage you to cleanyour watercraft and gear before leaving any water access or shoreland, taking special care to remove any aquatic plants, especially invasive specieslike zebra mussels. To ensure our kids will have healthy lakes to play in, and our loons and other wildlife will have a suitable habitat, we can start with keeping our waters clean today.
The lakes are a special place that we hope people will get to enjoy for generations to come. Thank you in advance for respecting freshwater ecosystems not only this upcoming weekend, but each day following. We want to keep the Common Loons common and we need your help. The magical call of the loon contributes to making your experience in the north woods so memorable- so join us in answering the call and protecting our loons long into the future.
Wishing you all a safe and fun summer in the North Woods!
A Summer with the NLC
By Ava Rohleder, Community Outreach Intern
Putting my time interning at the National Loon Center into a few words is not easy. Throughout the summer, while explaining my role within the foundation to others, the most common response I received is “Wow, you are so lucky!” This is an understatement. Between the staff, research team, board members, volunteers, and the greater community of Crosslake, I have learned an incredible amount about how one great nonprofit organization is run, freshwater ecosystems, conservation and preservation in the Northwoods, and of course, the Common Loon. Thank you to everyone who has made these past few months immensely educational and enjoyable. I did not think I could love Northern Minnesota any more than I already did, but man was I wrong!
I am feeling exceptionally grateful as I leave the lakes region with connections and friendships, and I am already looking forward to visiting in the future. As I return to Loyola University Chicago and continue to make progress on my undergraduate degree in the School of Environmental Sustainability, I am inspired by the work that has been and is continuing to be accomplished at the National Loon Center. Special thanks to Jon, Natasha, and Mike for letting me be a part of something so special.
Loon Behaving Lethargically? An Example of What to Do
By Ava Rohleder, Community Outreach Intern, National Loon Center
The National Loon Center received a call on June 21st from a caring Minnesotan in Walker, MN who found a Common Loon “resting” on a Leech Lake shoreline. After observing the bird for several hours, Chip Leer determined that something was amiss. Leer, a National Loon Center board member and renowned outdoor lifestyle guide, was kind enough to share his loon rescue story with us.
“After returning home from a weekend away at a family wedding we noticed a loon on the shoreline. Not that loons are uncommon on Kabekona Bay of Leech Lake, they are not — we purposefully leave windows open at night so we can hear them communicate as it brings us peace. I suppose if we were land lovers we might like the sound of a rooster at 4 a.m., but we’re lake people and prefer the loon 24/7.We noticed that this loon was actually quite a ways out of the water on our small beach and that was unique. It also was odd that it never moved, not an inch. Eventually we witnessed other birds flying by and natural activity taking place, yet still the loon never moved, only to flatten itself as if to stay concealed. We also noticed that the bird appeared tired; its head bobbed as if it was trying not to fall asleep. Initially we avoided the bird hoping it might go away, it didn’t. Then we decided to water some planters lakeside which during any normal wildlife interaction would cause the loon to vacate immediately, but it did not. It was then we decided to make some inquiries.
We first called the National Loon Center as a recent newsletter had suggested, and then reached out to various MN DNR offices including our local conservation officer. No luck there as he was on a nuisance bear call and unavailable. Finally, Jon Mobeck, Executive Director of the National Loon Center, and a good personal friend Joe Carlson of Nevis, MN sent contact information almost simultaneously for Julie at Northwoods Wildlife Rescue. Julie phoned and had a number of questions of which she accessed the bird’s health. From that information, she asked, “How adventurous are you?” I replied, “Somewhat, what’s your thought?” She provided detailed instruction on how to capture and transport the bird, and it came together just as she described. She informed us she didn’t have time to come all the way to us as she is currently caring for dozens of baby wild birds/animals at the moment she couldn’t leave for long but would meet us about 30 minutes away. 24/7 those babies were her responsibility. We followed her instructions for capture that included a fishing net, gloves, long sleeves, eye protection and approach angles. We captured the bird without incident and never felt as if we were providing any harm to the bird, it was also apparent the bird was very tired, not much of a struggle. A few pecks to the gloves, but no worries. We transferred the bird to a cardboard box, covered it with a towel and drove 30 minutes to meet with Julie.
In summary, we were a bit timid on capturing the bird as we did not want to do it any harm and certainly didn’t want to get hurt in the process, after all this is a wild animal. Julie’s detailed instruction and calm demeanor helped us make and execute a plan that was flawless.”
As of today, the bird is released and doing well after it spent time at both Northwoods Wildlife Rescue and Wild & Free wildlife rehab center. We’ve received updates that the loon had no external injuries visible. The loon had a good first night, ate well in the morning, and was excreting well. The loon’s blood was tested to see if there were any internal problems, and weight and bloodwork results came back excellent.
The wildlife rehabilitators’ best guess is that the loon was chased on shore in a territory dispute. It may have lost a little spat and just been exhausted. The rest and plentiful food seem to have served it well, and now the loon is free.
The National Loon Center is grateful to have such dedicated members, like Chip, on our board. In this case, the abnormal behavior of the loon was good cause to intervene and contact both the NLC and a wildlife professional. Lethargy and unusual behavior could be a sign of lead poisoning. This is a fortunate situation where we discovered the loon appeared to be recovering from an injury and was releasable. Although, in the event of a known territorial dispute of loons we may not necessarily intervene as these are natural occurrences in the lives of loons.
The National Loon Center is grateful to continue to work with organizations such as Wildlife Rehabilitation & Release and the University of Minnesota Raptor Center’s Partners for Wildlife program as well as DNR permitted wildlife rehabilitators in statewide wildlife rescue efforts.
For more information about wildlife rehabilitation please visit:
Wildlife Rehabilitation & Release www.wrr-mn.org
Partners for Wildlife www.raptor.umn.edu/partnersforwildlife
If you wish to contribute toward the protections of loons and loon habitat, please consider making a tax-deductible donation to the National Loon Center. www.nationallooncenter.org/national-loon-center-foundation
To support the rehabilitation and release efforts of Wild and Free in Garrison, MN, please visit: www.wildandfree.org
To support the rehabilitation and release efforts of Northwoods Wildlife Rescue in Park Rapids, MN, please visit: https://sites.google.com/view/northwoodswildliferescue/home
